公开课

视频信息 标题: 耶鲁大学博弈论公开课 - 第15集 迭代剔除和中位选民定理 BV号: BV1u54y1k74g 分集: p15 时长: 61分32秒（3692秒） 作者/来源: 耶鲁大学公开课 原始链接: B站视频 转录方式: Groq Whisper 英文转录；英文在前，中文在后逐段对照。 视频摘要 本集是耶鲁大学博弈论公开课第 15 集，主题为“迭代剔除和中位选民定理”。课程以英文课堂讲授和互动讨论为主体，围绕迭代剔除和中位选民定理展开，逐步引入博弈论中关于策略、收益、信息、均衡和动态推理的分析框架。本文提供英文原文与中文译文逐段对照，便于跟读、检索和复习。 核心要点 迭代剔除和中位选民定理：本集围绕“迭代剔除和中位选民定理”展开，是理解后续博弈论模型和课堂案例的基础。 核心概念：讲授重点放在参与者如何根据目标、信息和他人行为选择策略。 课堂案例：课堂通过案例、提问或推导展示抽象模型如何落到具体决策情境。 策略推理：内容强调从结果反推策略条件，训练形式化的战略思维。 点击展开完整转录（61分32秒完整版，中英双语） 视频全文转录（中英双语） 以下为完整中英双语转录，已加标点。英文在前，中文在后，逐段对照。 由 Groq Whisper 转录 → M2.7 B 方案整文标点 + 分段 → M2.7 段号保留翻译 → 逐段对照。 [段 1] Last time, we talked a lot about the idea, I didn’t mention the name, but here’s some jargon for you, we talked about the idea of deleting dominated strategies, looking at a game, figuring out which strategies are dominated, deleting them, looking at the game again, looking at which strategies are now dominated, deleting those, and so on and so forth. And this process is called the iterative deletion of dominated strategies. This is not a great title for Barry’s book. You’d be better than that to get the $250, right? This is a boring title. Whatever mind, iterative deletion of dominated strategies. The idea, it embodies the idea of putting yourself in someone else’s shoes and trying to figure out what they’re going to do, and then think about them, putting themselves in your shoes, figuring out what you’re going to do, and so on and so forth. And last time, we saw already that this is a very powerful idea, all right, in that game last time, but we also saw it’s a dangerous idea to take too literally, that sometimes this can get you to overthink the problem, and actually, as in that numbers game last time, the optimal, the best choice, the winning choice, might not involve so many rounds. All right, we also saw in that numbers game last time that in some games, but by no means all games, in some games, this process actually converges to a single choice in that numbers game, it converged to one. ...

视频信息 标题: 耶鲁大学博弈论公开课 - 第16集 学会换位思考 BV号: BV1u54y1k74g 分集: p16 时长: 69分01秒（4141秒） 作者/来源: 耶鲁大学公开课 原始链接: B站视频 转录方式: Groq Whisper 英文转录；英文在前，中文在后逐段对照。 视频摘要 本集是耶鲁大学博弈论公开课第 16 集，主题为“学会换位思考”。课程以英文课堂讲授和互动讨论为主体，围绕学会换位思考展开，逐步引入博弈论中关于策略、收益、信息、均衡和动态推理的分析框架。本文提供英文原文与中文译文逐段对照，便于跟读、检索和复习。 核心要点 学会换位思考：本集围绕“学会换位思考”展开，是理解后续博弈论模型和课堂案例的基础。 核心概念：讲授重点放在参与者如何根据目标、信息和他人行为选择策略。 课堂案例：课堂通过案例、提问或推导展示抽象模型如何落到具体决策情境。 策略推理：内容强调从结果反推策略条件，训练形式化的战略思维。 点击展开完整转录（69分01秒完整版，中英双语） 视频全文转录（中英双语） 以下为完整中英双语转录，已加标点。英文在前，中文在后，逐段对照。 由 Groq Whisper 转录 → M2.7 B 方案整文标点 + 分段 → M2.7 段号保留翻译 → 逐段对照。 [段 1] Okay, so last time we looked at and played this game. You had to choose grades, sorry, you had to choose alpha and beta, and this table told us what outcome would arise. In particular, what grade you would get and what grade your pair would get. So for example, if you’d chosen beta and your pair had chosen alpha, then you would get a C and your pair would get an A. And one of the first things we pointed out is that this is not quite a game yet. It’s missing something. This has outcomes in it. It’s an outcome matrix. but it isn’t a game because for a game we need to know payoffs. Okay? And then we looked at some possible payoffs, and now it is a game. So this is a game, just to give you some more jargon, this is a normal form game, and here we’ve assumed the payoffs are those that arise if players only care about their own grades which I think was true for a lot of you It wasn true for the gentleman who sitting there now but it was true for a lot of people Alright and we pointed out that in this game alpha strictly dominates beta What do we mean by that? We mean that if these are your payoffs, no matter what your pair does, you attain a higher payoff from choosing alpha than you do from choosing beta. ...

视频信息 标题: 耶鲁大学博弈论公开课 - 第17集 足球比赛与商业合作之最佳对策 BV号: BV1u54y1k74g 分集: p17 时长: 72分17秒（4337秒） 作者/来源: 耶鲁大学公开课 原始链接: B站视频 转录方式: Groq Whisper 英文转录；英文在前，中文在后逐段对照。 视频摘要 本集是耶鲁大学博弈论公开课第 17 集，主题为“足球比赛与商业合作之最佳对策”。课程以英文课堂讲授和互动讨论为主体，围绕足球比赛与商业合作之最佳对策展开，逐步引入博弈论中关于策略、收益、信息、均衡和动态推理的分析框架。本文提供英文原文与中文译文逐段对照，便于跟读、检索和复习。 核心要点 足球比赛与商业合作之最佳对策：本集围绕“足球比赛与商业合作之最佳对策”展开，是理解后续博弈论模型和课堂案例的基础。 核心概念：讲授重点放在参与者如何根据目标、信息和他人行为选择策略。 课堂案例：课堂通过案例、提问或推导展示抽象模型如何落到具体决策情境。 策略推理：内容强调从结果反推策略条件，训练形式化的战略思维。 点击展开完整转录（72分17秒完整版，中英双语） 视频全文转录（中英双语） 以下为完整中英双语转录，已加标点。英文在前，中文在后，逐段对照。 由 Groq Whisper 转录 → M2.7 B 方案整文标点 + 分段 → M2.7 段号保留翻译 → 逐段对照。 [段 1] So last time we introduced a new idea and the new idea was that of best response. And the idea was to think of a strategy that is the best you can do given your belief about what the other people are doing, what your opponents are doing, what other players are doing. And you could think of this belief as the belief that rationalizes that choice. So if you have a boss, and he or she is going to ask you why you chose the action you did, if you took the best response to some belief, you can say, I took this action because I believed other people were going to do this, and since that was the best you could do under that belief, that will hopefully keep your job. Alright, I promised that today we would look at the most important game in the world, and as announced last time, the most important game is the penalty kick game. So this is a game that occurs in soccer and just to give an idea of how important it is for those people who are unfortunate enough not to be soccer fans here the last World Cup was decided on penalty kicks. In England’s case, England goes out of every single World Cup and every single European competition because it loses on penalty kicks, usually to Germany, it has to be said. ...

视频信息 标题: 耶鲁大学博弈论公开课 - 第18集 纳什均衡之立场选择、种族隔离与策略随机化 BV号: BV1u54y1k74g 分集: p18 时长: 74分02秒（4442秒） 作者/来源: 耶鲁大学公开课 原始链接: B站视频 转录方式: Groq Whisper 英文转录；英文在前，中文在后逐段对照。 视频摘要 本集是耶鲁大学博弈论公开课第 18 集，主题为“纳什均衡之立场选择、种族隔离与策略随机化”。课程以英文课堂讲授和互动讨论为主体，围绕纳什均衡之立场选择、种族隔离与策略随机化展开，逐步引入博弈论中关于策略、收益、信息、均衡和动态推理的分析框架。本文提供英文原文与中文译文逐段对照，便于跟读、检索和复习。 核心要点 纳什均衡之立场选择、种族隔离与策略随机化：本集围绕“纳什均衡之立场选择、种族隔离与策略随机化”展开，是理解后续博弈论模型和课堂案例的基础。 核心概念：讲授重点放在参与者如何根据目标、信息和他人行为选择策略。 课堂案例：课堂通过案例、提问或推导展示抽象模型如何落到具体决策情境。 策略推理：内容强调从结果反推策略条件，训练形式化的战略思维。 点击展开完整转录（74分02秒完整版，中英双语） 视频全文转录（中英双语） 以下为完整中英双语转录，已加标点。英文在前，中文在后，逐段对照。 由 Groq Whisper 转录 → M2.7 B 方案整文标点 + 分段 → M2.7 段号保留翻译 → 逐段对照。 [段 1] So last time we left things in the middle of a model which was the candidate voter model. And what was, I don’t want to go over the whole model again, but just to iterate a little bit what was different about that model from what we saw before. And the main thing that was different was that the candidates cannot choose their positions. If you like, every voter is a potential candidate, but you know the positions of the voters. And let me just bring out two lessons that we left hanging last time. I want to put them on the board to make sure they’re in your notes. So the first lesson is, one thing we saw already last time, is there can be lots of different national equilibria in this model. There are multiple possible national equilibria in this model. and more to the point, not all of those equilibria have the candidates crowded at the center. Alright? We saw early on in the classic downed or median voter model that that model predicted crowding the center. This one doesn and we come back to that in a second And the second thing we saw last time was that entry can if you enter on the left one effect of entering on the left can be to make the candidate on the right more likely to win. ...

视频信息 标题: 耶鲁大学博弈论公开课 - 第19集 纳什均衡之伯川德模型与选民投票 BV号: BV1u54y1k74g 分集: p19 时长: 71分34秒（4294秒） 作者/来源: 耶鲁大学公开课 原始链接: B站视频 转录方式: Groq Whisper 英文转录；英文在前，中文在后逐段对照。 视频摘要 本集是耶鲁大学博弈论公开课第 19 集，主题为“纳什均衡之伯川德模型与选民投票”。课程以英文课堂讲授和互动讨论为主体，围绕纳什均衡之伯川德模型与选民投票展开，逐步引入博弈论中关于策略、收益、信息、均衡和动态推理的分析框架。本文提供英文原文与中文译文逐段对照，便于跟读、检索和复习。 核心要点 纳什均衡之伯川德模型与选民投票：本集围绕“纳什均衡之伯川德模型与选民投票”展开，是理解后续博弈论模型和课堂案例的基础。 核心概念：讲授重点放在参与者如何根据目标、信息和他人行为选择策略。 课堂案例：课堂通过案例、提问或推导展示抽象模型如何落到具体决策情境。 策略推理：内容强调从结果反推策略条件，训练形式化的战略思维。 点击展开完整转录（71分34秒完整版，中英双语） 视频全文转录（中英双语） 以下为完整中英双语转录，已加标点。英文在前，中文在后，逐段对照。 由 Groq Whisper 转录 → M2.7 B 方案整文标点 + 分段 → M2.7 段号保留翻译 → 逐段对照。 [段 1] All right, so last time, we started to study imperfect competition. we looked at the Cournot model but the bigger theme the bigger theme is the study of how firms compete outside of the sort of easy cases that you study in 115 so outside of the example of monopoly where there is only one firm and so there’s not much competition and outside the case of perfect competition where there are so many firms it’s as if each firm is a price taker We’re going to continue with that today, and in fact you’re going to continue with it on into the homework. So last time we looked at Cournot, that was the model we started with. We looked at two firms competing in quantities, and just to review a little bit what we did last time kind of exercise there so I think is this right I think I probably went a little fast last time I was kicking myself afterwards I don know people can nod or shake their heads but I think I went a bit fast So I sorry for that but if there was a time to go too fast it was probably last time because it turns out this is something that’s covered very well in the textbook. So it’s covered in chapter 6 of the textbook. ...

视频信息 标题: 耶鲁大学博弈论公开课 - 第20集 纳什均衡之约会游戏与古诺模型 BV号: BV1u54y1k74g 分集: p20 时长: 72分19秒（4339秒） 作者/来源: 耶鲁大学公开课 原始链接: B站视频 转录方式: Groq Whisper 英文转录；英文在前，中文在后逐段对照。 视频摘要 本集是耶鲁大学博弈论公开课第 20 集，主题为“纳什均衡之约会游戏与古诺模型”。课程以英文课堂讲授和互动讨论为主体，围绕纳什均衡之约会游戏与古诺模型展开，逐步引入博弈论中关于策略、收益、信息、均衡和动态推理的分析框架。本文提供英文原文与中文译文逐段对照，便于跟读、检索和复习。 核心要点 纳什均衡之约会游戏与古诺模型：本集围绕“纳什均衡之约会游戏与古诺模型”展开，是理解后续博弈论模型和课堂案例的基础。 核心概念：讲授重点放在参与者如何根据目标、信息和他人行为选择策略。 课堂案例：课堂通过案例、提问或推导展示抽象模型如何落到具体决策情境。 策略推理：内容强调从结果反推策略条件，训练形式化的战略思维。 点击展开完整转录（72分19秒完整版，中英双语） 视频全文转录（中英双语） 以下为完整中英双语转录，已加标点。英文在前，中文在后，逐段对照。 由 Groq Whisper 转录 → M2.7 B 方案整文标点 + 分段 → M2.7 段号保留翻译 → 逐段对照。 [段 1] All right, so last time we were talking about the investor game, and this was a coordination game. And we learned some things, I just want to recall some of the things we learned so I can highlight them a bit. one thing we learnt was that communication can help in a coordination game so I forget who it was but someone down here who’s disappeared was our Jimmy Stewart character and helped coordinate you on a better equilibrium simply by suggesting what you should do and there’s two lessons here one is this is very different from the prisoner’s dilemma So we learnt the very first time that in the prisoner’s dilemma communication per se won’t help but in a coordination problem which could be just as serious socially as a prisoner dilemma in a coordination problem it may well help and the reason it helps is you trying to coordinate onto a Nash equilibrium And one way to think about Nash equilibria is that they are self-enforcing agreements, so provided everyone believes that everyone else is going to go along with this agreement, then everyone in fact will. I want to make another slightly more philosophical remark associated with this, and it’s to do with the idea of leadership. ...

视频信息 标题: 耶鲁大学博弈论公开课 - 第21集 纳什均衡之坏风气与银行挤兑 BV号: BV1u54y1k74g 分集: p21 时长: 69分26秒（4166秒） 作者/来源: 耶鲁大学公开课 原始链接: B站视频 转录方式: Groq Whisper 英文转录；英文在前，中文在后逐段对照。 视频摘要 本集是耶鲁大学博弈论公开课第 21 集，主题为“纳什均衡之坏风气与银行挤兑”。课程以英文课堂讲授和互动讨论为主体，围绕纳什均衡之坏风气与银行挤兑展开，逐步引入博弈论中关于策略、收益、信息、均衡和动态推理的分析框架。本文提供英文原文与中文译文逐段对照，便于跟读、检索和复习。 核心要点 纳什均衡之坏风气与银行挤兑：本集围绕“纳什均衡之坏风气与银行挤兑”展开，是理解后续博弈论模型和课堂案例的基础。 核心概念：讲授重点放在参与者如何根据目标、信息和他人行为选择策略。 课堂案例：课堂通过案例、提问或推导展示抽象模型如何落到具体决策情境。 策略推理：内容强调从结果反推策略条件，训练形式化的战略思维。 点击展开完整转录（69分26秒完整版，中英双语） 视频全文转录（中英双语） 以下为完整中英双语转录，已加标点。英文在前，中文在后，逐段对照。 由 Groq Whisper 转录 → M2.7 B 方案整文标点 + 分段 → M2.7 段号保留翻译 → 逐段对照。 [段 1] Okay, so last time we came across a new idea, although it wasn’t really new for a lot of you, and that was the idea of Nash equilibrium. and what I want to do today is discuss Nash equilibrium see how we find Nash equilibrium in some rather simple examples and then in the second half of today I want to look at an application where we actually have some fun and play a game which I hope it’s fun alright but let’s start by putting down a formal definition we only used a rather informal one last week so here’s a formal one a strategy profile Remember, profile is one strategy for each player, so it’s going to be S1 star, S2 star, all the way up to SN star, if there are N players playing the game. So this profile is a Nash equilibrium and I just going to write NE in this class for Nash equilibrium from now on if for each i so for each player i her choice, so her choice here is si star, that’s i is part of that profile, is a best response, is the best response to the other player’s choices. The other player’s choices. Of course the other player’s choices here are S minus I star. So everyone is playing a best response to everyone else. Alright. Now this is by far the most commonly used solution concepts in game theory. ...

视频信息 标题: 耶鲁大学博弈论公开课 - 第22集 混合策略定义及其在网球比赛中的应用 BV号: BV1u54y1k74g 分集: p22 时长: 73分05秒（4385秒） 作者/来源: 耶鲁大学公开课 原始链接: B站视频 转录方式: Groq Whisper 英文转录；英文在前，中文在后逐段对照。 视频摘要 本集是耶鲁大学博弈论公开课第 22 集，主题为“混合策略定义及其在网球比赛中的应用”。课程以英文课堂讲授和互动讨论为主体，围绕混合策略定义及其在网球比赛中的应用展开，逐步引入博弈论中关于策略、收益、信息、均衡和动态推理的分析框架。本文提供英文原文与中文译文逐段对照，便于跟读、检索和复习。 核心要点 混合策略定义及其在网球比赛中的应用：本集围绕“混合策略定义及其在网球比赛中的应用”展开，是理解后续博弈论模型和课堂案例的基础。 核心概念：讲授重点放在参与者如何根据目标、信息和他人行为选择策略。 课堂案例：课堂通过案例、提问或推导展示抽象模型如何落到具体决策情境。 策略推理：内容强调从结果反推策略条件，训练形式化的战略思维。 点击展开完整转录（73分05秒完整版，中英双语） 视频全文转录（中英双语） 以下为完整中英双语转录，已加标点。英文在前，中文在后，逐段对照。 由 Groq Whisper 转录 → M2.7 B 方案整文标点 + 分段 → M2.7 段号保留翻译 → 逐段对照。 [段 1] So last time we saw this, we saw an example of a mixed strategy, which was to play a third, a third, a third in our rock, paper, scissors game. All right, and today we’re going to be formal, we’re going to define this. We’re going to define mixed strategies, and we’re going to talk about them, and it’s going to take a while. All right, so let’s start with a formal definition. Definition. A mixed strategy, and I’ll develop notation as I’m going along, so let me call it P-sub-I, I being the person who’s playing it, P-sub-I, is a randomization. It’s a randomization. over I’s pure strategies. All right, so in particular, we’re going to use the notation P-sub-I of S-I to be the probability that player I plays S-I, given that he’s mixing using P-I. All right, so P-I-S-I is the probability that P.I assigns to the pure strategy SI, and to the pure strategy, SI, and to immediately refer that back to our example. So, for example, if I’m playing third, a third, a third, in rock-paper scissors, then P. then P-I is a third, a third, a third, and P-I of rock, that would P-I of R is a third. All right, so without belaboring it, that’s all I’m doing here, is developing some notation. All right? Let’s immediately encounter two things you might have questions about. ...