视频信息
- 标题: 麻省理工公开课: 如何说话 (一节课的时间教你成为表达的王)
- BV号: BV1H838zeEFc
- 时长: 63分26秒（3806秒）
- 作者: 常春藤中英字幕课
- 原始链接: B站视频
视频摘要
MIT教授分享了关于演讲与沟通的系统方法论。核心公式：演讲成功 = 知识(K) + 练习(P) + 天赋(T)，其中天赋占比最小，关键在于知识储备与刻意练习。开场应使用赋权承诺而非笑话，直接告诉听众结束时他们将获得什么。演讲技巧包括：围绕主题循环三遍、给想法建围栏防止混淆、口头标点帮助听众定位、适当停顿提问。工具选择上，黑板和物理道具能激活观众的镜像神经元，效果优于幻灯片。幻灯片应避免字过多、读幻灯片、滥用激光笔等常见错误。求职演讲需在五分钟内展示愿景与实现路径。作品要被人记住，需具备温斯顿之星五要素：符号、口号、惊喜、显著想法、故事。结尾避免说谢谢，可用祝福、致意或经典惯例收尾。
核心要点
- 成功公式：演讲能力 = 知识(K) + 练习(P) + 天赋(T)，天赋影响最小，知识和练习决定成败
- 赋权承诺开场：直接告诉听众演讲结束时他们将获得什么，而非用笑话开场
- 循环技巧：围绕核心主题讲三遍，确保20%走神的观众也能跟上
- 黑板与道具优势：物理演示激活镜像神经元，产生共情效果，远超幻灯片
- 幻灯片禁忌：避免字过多、照读幻灯片、滥用激光笔导致眼神接触中断
- 求职演讲框架：五分钟内展示研究愿景与实现路径，结尾用贡献幻灯片
- 温斯顿之星：被记住需要符号、口号、惊喜、显著想法、讲故事五要素
- 结尾方式：避免说谢谢，可用祝福、观众致意或经典惯例收尾
视频全文转录（中英双语）
以下为完整中英双语转录，已加标点。英文在前，中文在后，逐段对照。
由 Groq Whisper 转录 → M2.7 B 方案整文标点 + 分段 → M2.7 段号保留翻译 → 逐段对照。
[段 1]
The Uniform Code of Military Justice specifies court martial for any officer who sends a soldier into battle without a weapon. There ought to be a similar protection for students because students shouldn’t go out into life without the ability to communicate, and that’s because your success in life will be determined largely by your ability to speak, your ability to write, and the quality of your ideas in that order. I know that I can be successful in this because the quality of communication, your speaking, your writing, is largely determined by this formula. It’s a matter of how much knowledge you have, how much you practice with that knowledge, and your inherent talent.
[译文 1]
《统一军事法典》规定，任何军官在士兵没有武器的情况下将其送上战场都将受到军事法庭审判。应当为学生提供类似的保护，因为学生不应该在没有沟通能力的情况下走入社会。这是因为你在生活中能否成功很大程度上取决于你的表达能力、写作能力，以及你想法的质量，按此顺序排列。我知道我能够在这方面取得成功，因为沟通能力、表达能力和写作能力在很大程度上取决于这个公式。它涉及你有多少知识、你用这些知识练习了多少，以及你与生俱来的天赋。
[段 2]
And notice that the T is very small. What really matters is what you know. This point came to me suddenly a few decades ago when I was skiing at Sun Valley. I had heard that it was Celebrity Weekend. And one of the celebrities was Mary Lou Retton, famous Olympic gymnast. Perfect tens in the vault. And I heard that she was a novice at skiing. So when the opportune moment arrived, I looked over on the novice slope and saw this young woman who, when she became unbalanced, went like that. And I said that’s got to be her. That must be the gymnast.
[译文 2]
请注意 T 非常小。真正重要的是你所知道的。几十年前，我在太阳谷滑雪时突然想到了这一点。我听说那是名人周末。其中一位名人是玛丽·卢·雷顿，著名的奥运体操运动员。跳马比赛中的完美十分。我听说她是个滑雪新手。所以当合适的时机到来时，我望向新手坡，看到了这个年轻女子，当她失去平衡时，她会那样做。我说那一定是她。那一定是体操运动员。
[段 3]
But then it occurred to me I’m a much better skier than she is and she’s an Olympic athlete, not only an ordinary Olympic athlete, an outstanding one. And I was a better skier because I had the K and I had the P, and all she had was the T. So you can get a lot better than people who may have inherent talents if you have the right amount of knowledge. So that’s what my objective is today and here’s my promise. Today you will see some examples of what you can put in your armamentarium of speaking techniques, and it will be the case that some one of those examples, some heuristic, some technique, maybe only one, will be the one that gets you the job.
[译文 3]
但后来我想到，我的滑雪水平比她好得多，而她是奥运选手，不仅是一名普通的奥运选手，而是一名出色的奥运选手。我之所以滑雪更好，是因为我有 K 和 P，而她只有 T。所以如果你拥有适量的知识，你可以比那些可能有与生俱来的天赋的人做得更好。这就是我今天的目标，这是我的承诺。今天你们将看到一些例子，了解你们可以在表达技巧库中加入什么，而且会有这样的情况：这些例子中的一些启发法、一些技巧，也许只有一个，会是那个帮你得到工作的技巧。
[段 4]
And so this is a very non-linear process. You never know when it’s going to happen. But that is my promise. By the end of the next 60 minutes, you’ll have been exposed to a lot of ideas, some of which you’ll incorporate into your own repertoire, and they will ensure that you get the maximum opportunity to have your ideas valued and accepted by the people you speak with. Now, in order to do that, we have to have a rule of engagement, and that is no laptops, no cell phones. So if you could close those, I’ll start up as soon as you’re done.
[译文 4]
所以这是一个非常非线性的过程。你永远不知道它什么时候会发生。但这是我的承诺。到接下来的60分钟结束时，你们将接触到很多想法，其中一些你们会融入自己的储备中，它们将确保你们获得最大的机会，让你们所表达的人重视和接受你们的想法。现在，为了做到这一点，我们必须有一个参与规则，那就是不用笔记本电脑，不用手机。所以如果你们能合上这些，等你们弄好后我就开始。
[段 5]
Some people ask why that is a rule of engagement, and the answer is we humans only have one language processor, and if your language processor is engaged—could you shut the laptop please?—if your language processor is engaged, browsing the web or reading your email, you’re distracted. And worse yet, you distract all the people around you. Studies have shown that. And worse yet, if I see an open laptop somewhere back there or up here, it drives me nuts and I do a worse job. And so that ensures that all of your friends who are paying attention don’t get the performance that they came to have.
[译文 5]
有些人问为什么这是参与规则，答案是我们人类只有一个语言处理器，如果你的语言处理器正在工作——你能把笔记本电脑合上吗？——如果你的语言处理器在工作，在浏览网页或阅读邮件，你就会分心。更糟糕的是，你会让你周围的人都分心。研究已经证明了这一点。更糟糕的是，如果我在后面或上面看到打开的笔记本电脑，我会发疯，我会做得更差。所以这确保了所有正在专心听的朋友们不会得到他们本想得到的那种表演。
[段 6]
So that’s it for preamble, let’s get started. First thing to talk about, of course, is how to start. Some people think the right thing to do is to start a talk with a joke. I don’t recommend it. And the reason is that in the beginning of a talk, people are still putting their laptops away. They’re becoming adjusted to your speaking parameters, to your vocal parameters. And they’re not ready for a joke. So it doesn’t work very well. They usually fall flat. What you want to do instead is start with an empowerment promise. You want to tell people what they’re going to know at the end of the hour that they didn’t know at the beginning of the hour.
[译文 6]
好了，前言就到这里，让我们开始吧。首先要谈论的当然是如何开场。有些人认为正确的做法是用一个笑话开场。我不推荐。原因是演讲开始时，人们还在收起笔记本电脑。他们正在适应你的说话参数、你的声音参数。他们还没准备好听笑话。所以效果通常不好，笑话通常会冷场。相反，你应该做的是用授权承诺开场。你想告诉人们，在这一小时结束时，他们会知道什么他们在开始时不知道的东西。
[段 7]
It’s an empowerment promise. It’s the reason for being here. What would be an example? Oh, I see. At the end of this 60 minutes, you will know things about speaking you don’t know now, and something among those things you know will make a difference in your life. Yeah, that’s an empowerment promise. So that’s the best way to start. So now that I’ve talked a little bit about how to start, what I want to do is give you some samples of heuristics that are always on my mind when I give a talk. And the first of these heuristics is that it’s a good idea to cycle on the subject.
[译文 7]
这是一个授权承诺。这是来到这里的原因。举个例子是什么？哦，我明白了。在这60分钟结束时，你将了解到一些你现在不知道的关于演讲的知识，而在这些你所知道的事情中，有一些会在你的生活中产生影响。是的，这就是一个授权承诺。所以这是最好的开场方式。现在我已经谈了一点关于如何开场，我想给你们一些启发法的示例，这些在我做演讲时总是在脑海中思考的。这些启发法中的第一个是，循环讲述主题是个好主意。
[段 8]
Go around it, go around it again, go around it again. Some people say, Tell them what you want to tell them. Tell them again. Tell them a third time, as if people weren’t intelligent. But the point is, the reason is, well, there are many reasons, one of which is at any given moment, about 20% of you will be fogged out no matter what the lecture is. So if you want to ensure that the probability that everybody gets it is high, you need to say it three times. So cycling is one of the things that I always think about when I give a talk.
[译文 8]
围绕它转一圈，再转一圈，再转一圈。有人说，告诉他们你想告诉他们的事。再告诉他们一次。第三次告诉他们，就像人们不聪明一样。但重点是，原因是什么呢？好吧，原因有很多，其中之一是在任何给定时刻，大约20%的听众会处于茫然状态，不管讲座内容是什么。所以如果你想确保每个人都能理解的几率很高，你需要说三遍。所以循环是我在做演讲时总是想到的事情之一。
[段 9]
Another thing I think about is in explaining my idea, I want to build a fence around it so that it’s not confused with somebody else’s idea. So if you were from Mars and I was teaching you about what an arch is, I might say to you, well, that’s an arch. And that’s not to be confused with some other things that other people might think. This is not an arch. That’s not an arch. I’m building a fence around my idea so that it can be distinguished from somebody else’s idea. So in a more technical sense, I might say, well, my algorithm might seem similar to Jones’ algorithm, except his is exponential and mine’s linear.
[译文 9]
另一件我想到的事情是，在解释我的想法时，我想在它周围建一个围栏，这样它就不会与别人的想法混淆。所以如果你是来自火星，我在教你什么是拱门，我可能会对你说，嗯，那是一个拱门。不要把它与其他一些人可能会想到的其他东西混淆。这不是拱门。那也不是拱门。我在我的想法周围建了一个围栏，这样它就可以与别人的想法区分开来。所以用更技术性的术语来说，我可能会说，嗯，我的算法可能看起来类似于琼斯的算法，只不过他的算法是指数级的，而我的算法是线性的。
[段 10]
That’s putting a fence around your idea so that people can not be confused about how it might relate to something else. The third thing on this list of samples is the idea of verbal punctuation. And the idea here is that because people will occasionally fog out and need to get back on the bus, you need to provide some landmark places where you’re announcing that it’s a good time to get back on. So I might in this talk say something about this being my outline. The first thing we’re going to do is talk about how to start, then we’re going to deal with these four samples, and among these four samples I’ve talked about the first idea, that’s cycling, the second idea, building, and now the third idea is verbal punctuation.
[译文 10]
这是在你的想法周围建一个围栏，这样人们就不会被它与其他东西的关系所困惑。这份示例列表上的第三件事是口头标点的概念。这个想法是，因为人们偶尔会走神，需要回到正轨，你需要提供一些标志性的地方，在那里你宣布是回到正轨的好时机。所以我可能会在这次演讲中说一些关于这是我的大纲的事情。我们要做的第一件事是谈论如何开场，然后我们将讨论这四个示例，在这四个示例中我已经谈论了第一个想法，也就是循环，第二个想法是建围栏，现在第三个想法是口头标点。
[段 11]
So I’m enumerating, I’m providing numbers, I’m giving you a sense that there’s a seam in the talk and you can get back on. Okay? So now we’re on a roll. And since we’re on a roll, can you guess what fourth idea might be here? An idea that helps people get back on the bus? Yes? Ask a question. Yes. Thank you. So ask a question. And so I will ask a question. How much dead air can there be? How long can I pause? I counted seven seconds. It seems like an eternity to me to wait and not say anything for seven seconds.
[译文 11]
所以我在列举，我在提供数字，我在给你们一种感觉，在演讲中有一个接缝，你们可以回到正轨。好的？现在我们进展顺利了。既然我们进展顺利，你能猜到第四个想法可能是什么吗？一个帮助人们回到正轨的想法？是的？问一个问题。是的。谢谢你。所以问一个问题。那么我会问一个问题。可以有多少死空气？我能停顿多久？我数了七秒钟。对我来说等待七秒钟不说任何话似乎像永恒一样。
[段 12]
But that’s the standard amount of time you can wait for an answer. And, of course, the question has to be carefully chosen. It can’t be too obvious because then people will be embarrassed to say what the answer is. It can’t be too hard because then nobody will have anything to say. So here are some sample heuristics that you can put in your armamentarium and build up your repertoire of ideas about presentation. And now, if this persuades you that there is something to know, that there is knowledge, then I’ve already succeeded. Because what I want to convince you of is that if you watch the speakers you admire and feel are effective and ask yourselves why they’re successful, then you can build up your own personal repertoire and develop your own personal style.
[译文 12]
但这是等待答案的标准时间。当然，问题必须仔细选择。它不能太明显，因为那样人们会不好意思说出答案。它不能太难，因为那样没有人会有话要说。所以这里有一些启发法的示例，你可以把它们加入你的技巧库，建立起关于演讲表现的想法库。现在，如果这说服了你确实有一些东西需要知道，有一些知识，那么我已经成功了。因为我想让你相信的是，如果你观察你钦佩的、认为有效的演讲者，问问自己为什么他们成功了，那么你就可以建立起你自己的个人储备，形成你自己的个人风格。
[段 13]
And that’s my fundamental objective. And the rest of this talk is about some of the things that are in my armamentarium that I think are effective. So next thing on our agenda, as we start to discuss these other things, is a discussion of time and place. So what do you think is a good time to have a lecture? 11 a.m. Yeah. And the reason is most people at MIT are awake by then and hardly anyone has gone back to sleep. It’s not right after a meal. People aren’t fatigued from this or that. It’s a great time to have a lecture.
[译文 13]
这是我的根本目标。剩下的演讲内容是关于我技巧库中我认为有效的一些东西。所以接下来我们日程上的事情，当我们开始讨论其他事情时，是关于时间和地点的讨论。你认为演讲的好时机是什么时候？上午11点。是的。原因是那时麻省理工的大多数人都已经醒了，几乎没有人再回去睡觉。不是在饭后不久。人们不会因为这个或那个而疲劳。这是演讲的好时机。
[段 14]
So that brings me next to the question of what about the place, and the most important thing about the place is that it be well lit. This room is well lit. The problem with other kinds of rooms is that we humans, whenever the lights go down or whenever the room is dimly lighted, it signals that we should go to sleep. So whenever I go somewhere to give a talk, even today, the first thing I do when I speak to the audiovisual people is say, Keep the lights full up. Oh, they might reply, People will see the slides better if we turn the lights off, and then I reply, It’s extremely hard to see slides through closed eyelids.
[译文 14]
所以接下来引出了关于地点的问题，关于地点最重要的事情是它应该光线充足。这个房间光线充足。其他类型房间的问题是，我们人类，每当灯变暗或房间光线昏暗时，它就会发出信号表明我们应该去睡觉。所以每当我外出演讲时，即使是今天，我与视听人员说的第一件事就是说，把灯开到最亮。哦，他们可能会回答，如果把灯关掉，人们会更好地看到幻灯片，然后我回答说，透过紧闭的眼皮看幻灯片是非常困难的。
[段 15]
What else can you say about the place? Well, the place should be cased. And I mean that in a colloquial sense of, like, if you’re robbing a bank, you would go to the bank on some occasions before to see what it’s like, so there are no surprises when you do your robbery. So whenever I go somewhere to speak, the first thing I ask my host to do is to take me to the place where I’ll be speaking so that if there are any weirdnesses, I’ll be able to deal with it. Sometimes it might require some intervention. Sometimes it just might require me to understand what the challenges are.
[译文 15]
关于地点还能说什么？嗯，地点应该被考察过。我的意思是，用俗语来说，就像你要抢银行，你会事先几次去银行看看情况，这样当你行动时就不会有意外。所以每当我外出演讲时，我让主人做的第一件事就是带我去我要演讲的地方，这样如果有什么奇怪的地方，我就能够处理。有时可能需要一些干预。有时可能只是需要我了解挑战是什么。
[段 16]
So when I came here this morning, I did what I typically do. I imagined that all the seats were filled with disinterested farm animals. That way I knew that no matter how bad it was, it wouldn’t be as bad as that. So finally, it should be reasonably populated. It should be the case that if there were 10 people in this hall, everyone would be wondering what’s going on. That’s so much more interesting than nobody’s here. So you want to get a right-sized place that doesn’t have to be packed, but it has to be more than half full. So those are some thoughts about time and place.
[译文 16]
所以当我今天早上来到这里时，我做了我通常做的事。我想象所有的座位都坐满了不感兴趣的农场动物。这样我就知道不管有多糟糕，都不会比那更糟糕。所以最后，它应该有一定的上座率。如果这个大厅里有10个人，每个人都会想知道发生了什么事。那比没有人在这里要有趣得多。所以你想要一个大小合适的场地，不一定要坐满人，但至少要超过一半满。所以这些是关于时间和地点的一些想法。
[段 17]
The next thing I want to talk about is the subject of boards and props and slides. Well, these are the tools of the trade. I believe that this is the right tool for speaking when your purpose is informing. The slides are good when your purpose is exposing. But this is what I use when I’m informing, teaching, lecturing. And there are several reasons why I use it. For one thing, when you use the board, you have a graphic quality. It’s the case that when you have a board, then you can easily exploit the fact that you can use graphics in your presentation.
[译文 17]
接下来我想谈论的是黑板、道具和幻灯片的话题。这些是职业工具。我相信，当你的目的是传递信息时，这是正确的工具。幻灯片适合当你的目的是展示时。但当我传递信息、教学、讲座时，我用的是这个。有几个原因让我使用它。首先，当你使用黑板时，它有图形质量。黑板的优势在于你可以很容易地利用在演示中使用图形的特点。
[段 18]
So that’s the graphic quality that I like. The next thing I like is the speed property. The speed with which you write on the blackboard is approximately the speed at which people can absorb ideas. If you go flipping through a bunch of slides, nobody can go that fast. Finally, one great property of a board is that it can be a target. Many people who are novices at speaking find themselves suddenly aware of their hands. It’s as if their hands were private parts that shouldn’t be exposed in public, so right away they go into the pockets. And this is considered insulting in some parts of the world, or alternatively maybe the hands will go in back like this.
[译文 18]
所以这是我喜欢的图形质量。我喜欢的下一个是速度特性。在黑板上写字的速度大约与人们吸收想法的速度相同。如果你快速翻动一堆幻灯片，没有人能那么快。最后，黑板的一个伟大特性是它可以是一个目标。许多演讲新手会突然意识到自己的手。就像他们的手是私密的部位，不应该在公共场合暴露，所以他们马上把手插进口袋。在世界某些地方，这被认为是不礼貌的，或者手可能会放在背后像这样。
[段 19]
I was once in a convent in Serbia and my host—well, we were, as soon as we entered, a nun came up to us and offered us a refreshment, and I was about to say no thank you when he said, Eat that stuff or die. It’s a question of local custom and politeness. But then before anything happened there, the nun pulled my hands off like this because it was extraordinarily insulting in that culture to have your hands behind your back. So why is that? Well, it’s usually supposed that it has to do with whether you’re concealing a weapon. So if your hands are in your pockets or behind your back, then it looks like you might have a weapon.
[译文 19]
我曾在塞尔维亚的一个修道院里，我的东道主——嗯，我们一进去，一位修女就走过来为我们提供茶点，我正要说不谢谢，他说他会说，把那些东西吃掉否则就死。这是当地习俗和礼貌的问题。但在任何事情发生之前，修女把我的双手像这样拉开，因为在那种文化中把手放在背后是非常不礼貌的。为什么是这样？嗯，通常认为这与是否藏着武器有关。所以如果你的手在口袋里或背后，那看起来好像你可能有武器。
[段 20]
And that’s what I mean by the virtue, one of these virtues of the board. Now you have something to do with your hands. You can point out the stuff. I was once watching Seymour Papert give a lecture and I thought it was terrific. So I went a second time. First time to absorb the content, second time to note the style. And what I discovered is that Papert was constantly pointing at the board. And then I thought about it a little while and I noted that none of the stuff he was pointing to had anything to do with what he was saying.
[译文 20]
这就是我所说的黑板的优点之一。现在你有事情可以做了，你可以用你的手指着东西。我曾经在看西摩尔·帕佩特演讲，我认为非常精彩。所以我又去了第二次。第一次是吸收内容，第二次是注意风格。我发现帕佩特一直在指着黑板。然后我想了一会儿，注意到他所指的东西与他所说的毫无关系。
[段 21]
Nevertheless, it was an effective technique. So that’s just a little bit about the virtue of blackboards. Now I want to talk about prompts. You know, the custodians of knowledge about prompts are the playwrights. Many decades ago, I saw a play by Heinrich Ibsen. It was Hedda Gabler. I remember vaguely that it was about a woman in an unhappy marriage and her husband was in competition for an academic job with somebody else, and he was going to lose, partly because he was boring and partly because the competitor had just written a magnificent book. By the way, this was back in the days before there were copying machines and computers.
[译文 21]
尽管如此，它是一种有效的技巧。所以这只是关于黑板优点的一小部分。现在我想谈谈提示物。关于提示物的知识守护者是剧作家。很多年前，我看过亨利克·易卜生的一部戏。是《海达·高布乐》。我依稀记得是关于一个婚姻不幸福的女子，她的丈夫与另一个人竞争一个学术职位，他将要失败，部分原因是他很无聊，部分原因是竞争对手刚写了一本伟大的书。顺便说一句，这是在有复印机和电脑之前的时代。
[段 22]
Anyhow, as the play opens, there’s a pot-bellied stove. And in the beginning of the play, the pot-bellied stove with its open door just has some slightly glowing embers. But the pot-bellied stove is always there and its tension mounts in the play. And you see this manuscript, this prop that Ibsen so artfully used. You just know that something’s going to happen because as the play goes on, the fire gets bigger and hotter, and finally, all-consuming, you just know that that manuscript is going to go into that fire. It’s a memorable thing. It’s what I remember about the play. So the playwrights have got this all figured out, but on the other hand, they’re not the only people who can use props.
[译文 22]
无论如何，戏一开场，有一个圆肚火炉。在戏的开始，圆肚火炉开着门，里面只有一些微微发红的余烬。但圆肚火炉始终在那里，它在戏剧中的张力不断上升。你看到了手稿，这个易卜生如此巧妙使用的道具。你就知道要发生什么事了，因为随着戏剧的进行，火变得越来越大、越来越热，最终，当火焰吞噬一切时，你就是知道那份手稿要放进火里。这是一件令人难忘的事情。这是我关于这出戏的记忆。所以剧作家们已经完全搞清楚了，但另一方面，他们不是唯一可以使用道具的人。
[段 23]
Here’s an example of the use of a prop. Also due to Seymour Papert, he was talking about how it’s important to look at the problem in the right way. And here’s an example that not only teaches that, but makes it possible for you to embarrass your friends in mechanical engineering. So here’s what you do. Take this bicycle wheel, you start it spinning, and then you put some torque on the axle, or equivalently you blow on the edge, and the issue is: does it go that way or does it go that way? Now the mechanical engineers will immediately say, Oh yes, I see, right-hand screw rule, and they’ll put their fingers in this position but forget exactly how to align their fingers with various aspects of the problem.
[译文 23]
这是使用道具的一个例子。同样归功于西摩尔·帕佩特，他在谈论以正确的方式看待问题的重要性。这有一个例子不仅教授了这一点，而且可以让你在机械工程方面让你的朋友难堪。所以这是你要做的。拿这个自行车轮，让它旋转起来，然后在轴上施加一些扭矩，或者等效地吹它的边缘，问题在于：它会往那个方向还是往那个方向？现在机械工程师会立即说，哦是的，我看到了，右手螺旋定则，他们会把手指放在这个位置，但忘记了如何将手指与问题的各个方面对齐。
[段 24]
And so it’s usually the case that they get it right with about a 50% probability. So they’re a very fancy education gets them up to the point where they’re equivalent to flipping a coin. But it doesn’t have to be that way because you can think about the problem a little differently. So here’s what you do. You take some duct tape and you put it around the part of the wheel like that. And now you start to think about not the whole wheel but just the little piece that’s underneath the duct tape. So here, that piece comes rolling over the top, and at this point you blow on it with a puff of air.
[译文 24]
所以通常情况下，他们有大约50%的概率答对。所以他们的高档教育让他们达到相当于抛硬币的水平。但不一定要这样，因为你可以用不同的方式思考问题。所以这是你要做的。你拿一些布基胶带，像这样把它缠在轮子的那部分上。现在你开始思考的不是整个轮子，而只是布基胶带下面的那一小块。所以这里，那块滚过顶部，当它到达这里时，你用一口气吹它。
[段 25]
Forgetting about the rest of the wheel, what happens to that little piece that’s under the duct tape? It must want to go that way because you banged on it like that. It’s already going down like that. And what about the next piece? Same thing. Next piece, same thing. So the only thing that can happen is that the wheel goes over like that, and so now you’ll never wonder again because you’re thinking about the problem in the right way, and it’s demonstrated by the use of a prop. You can try this after we’re done. Another example I like to remember is one from when I was taking 8.01.
[译文 25]
忘掉轮子的其余部分，那块在布基胶带下面的小块会怎样？它一定想去那个方向，因为你那样敲了它一下。它已经在那样向下走了。那下一块呢？同样的事情。下一块，同样的事情。所以唯一可能发生的事情就是轮子那样转过去，所以你现在再也不会困惑了，因为你是以正确的方式思考问题，这是通过使用道具来演示的。等我们结束后你可以试试。我记得的另一个例子是我上8.01课程时的一个。
[段 26]
Alan Lazarus was the instructor at the time, and he was talking about the conservation of energy, kinetic and potential. And there was a long wire in the ceiling in 26-100 attached to a much bigger steel ball, but one not like this. And Lazarus took the ball up against the wall like this. He put his head flat against the wall to steady himself, and then he let go. And the pendulum takes many seconds to go over and back and then gently kisses Lazarus’s nose. And so you have many seconds to think, This guy really believes in the conservation of energy.
[译文 26]
艾伦·拉撒路斯是当时的讲师，他在谈论能量守恒，动能和势能。在26-100的天花板上有一根长钢丝，连接着一个更大的钢球，但不是像这样的钢球。拉撒路斯像这样把球抵在墙上。他把头平靠在墙上稳住自己，然后松手。摆锤需要很多秒才能摆过去再摆回来，然后轻轻地亲吻拉撒路斯的鼻子。所以你有几秒钟的时间思考，这家伙真的相信能量守恒。
[段 27]
Do not try this at home. The problem is that the first time you do this, you may not just let go. There’s a natural human tendency to push. So that’s a little bit on the subject of props. You know, it’s interesting. Whenever surveys are taken, students always say, More chalk, less PowerPoint. And why would that be? Props are always also very effective. Why would that be? I’ll give you my lunatic fringe view on this. It has to do with what I would call empathic mirroring. When you’re sitting up there watching me write on the board, all those little mirror neurons in your head, I believe, become actuated, and you can feel yourself writing on the blackboard.
[译文 27]
不要在家里尝试。问题是当你第一次做这个时，你可能不会只是松手。人类有一种自然的倾向会推一把。所以这是关于道具的一点。你知道，有趣的是，每当进行调查时，学生们总是说，多用粉笔，少用PowerPoint。为什么会这样？道具也总是非常有效。为什么会这样？我要给你们我的极端观点。这与我所说的共情镜像有关。当你坐在那里看我写在黑板上时，我相信你头脑中所有那些小小的镜像神经元就会被激活，你可以感觉到自己正在黑板上写字。
[段 28]
And even more so when I talk about this steel ball going that way and this way. You can feel the ball as if you were me. And you can’t do that with a slide. You can’t do it with a picture. You need to see it in the physical world. That’s why I think that, oh yes, of course there are speed questions involved too that have to be separated out, but I think the empathic mirroring is why props and the use of a blackboard are so effective. Well, let’s see, oh yes, there is one more thing by way of the tools, and that has to do with the use of slides.
[译文 28]
更不用说当我谈论这个钢球这样那样移动时。你可以感觉到球就像我是你一样。而你不能用幻灯片做到这一点。你不能用图片做到这一点。你需要在物理世界中看到它。这就是为什么我认为，当然还有速度问题需要分开考虑，但我认为共情镜像就是为什么道具和使用黑板如此有效。嗯，让我们看看，哦是的，关于工具还有一件事，那就是关于幻灯片的使用。
[段 29]
I repeat, I think they’re for exposing ideas, not for teaching ideas, but that’s what we do in a job talk or conference talk. We expose ideas, we don’t teach them. So let me tell you a little bit about my views on that. I remember once I was in Terminal A at Logan Airport. I’d just come back from a really miserable conference, and the flight was really horrible. It was one of those that feels like an unbalanced washing machine. And for the only time in my life, I decided to stop on my way to my car and have a cup of coffee and relax a little bit.
[译文 29]
我再说一遍，我认为幻灯片是用来展示想法的，不是用来教授想法的，但这就是我们在求职演讲或会议演讲中所做的。我们展示想法，我们不教授想法。所以让我告诉你一些关于这方面的看法。我记得有一次我在洛根机场的A航站楼。我刚从一个非常糟糕的会议回来，航班非常糟糕。那是那种感觉像不平衡的洗衣机的航班。在我这辈子唯一的一次，我决定在去车的路上停下来喝杯咖啡放松一下。
[段 30]
And as I was there for a few minutes, someone came up to me and said, Are you Professor Winston? I think so, I said. I don’t know. I guess I was trying to be funny. In any event, he said, I’m on my way to Europe to give a job talk. Would you mind critiquing my slides? Not at all, I said. You have too many, and they have too many words. How did you know? he said, thinking perhaps I’d seen a talk of his before. I hadn’t. My reply was, Because it’s always true. There are always too many slides, always too many words.
[译文 30]
当我坐在那里几分钟后，有人走过来对我说，你是温斯顿教授吗？我想是的，我说。我不确定。我想我是在开玩笑。无论如何，他说，我要去欧洲做求职演讲。你能帮我看看幻灯片吗？没问题，我说。你的幻灯片太多了，而且文字太多了。你怎么知道的？他说，也许他以为我之前看过他的演讲。我没有。我的回答是，因为它总是对的。幻灯片总是太多，文字总是太多。
[段 31]
So let me show you some extreme examples of how not to use slides. Well, for this demonstration I need to be way over here. And when I get over here, then I can start to say things like, one of the things you shouldn’t do is read your transparencies. People in your audience know how to read, and reading will just annoy them. Also, you should be sure that you have only a few words on each transparency, and that the words are easy to read. And I hope they’re driving you crazy, because I’m committing all kinds of crimes, the first of which is that there are too many words on the slide, second of which is I’m way over there, and the slide’s way over there.
[译文 31]
所以让我给你们展示一些如何不使用幻灯片的极端例子。嗯，为了这个演示，我需要走到那边去。当我到了那里，我就可以开始说这样的话，你不应该做的一件事情是读你的透明胶片。你听众中的人知道怎么阅读，而阅读只会让他们烦恼。另外，你应该确保每张透明胶片上只有很少的文字，而且那些文字易于阅读。我希望它们让你们抓狂，因为我正在犯各种各样的错误，第一个是幻灯片上的文字太多了，第二个是我在那边，而幻灯片在那边。
[段 32]
So you get into this tennis match feeling of shifting back and forth between the slide and the speaker. You want the slides to be condiments to what you’re saying, not the main event or the opposite way around. So how can we fix this? Step number one is to get rid of the background junk. That’s always a distraction. Step number two is to get rid of the words. When I’ve reduced the words to these, then everything I read a previous time, I’m not licensed to say because it’s not on the slide. I’m not reading my slides anymore, but I’m saying what was written on the slides in a previous example.
[译文 32]
所以你会有这种网球比赛的感觉，在幻灯片和演讲者之间来回切换。你想让幻灯片成为你说话的调味品，而不是主要事件或反过来。那么我们怎样才能解决这个问题？第一步是去掉背景杂物。那总是让人分心。第二步是去掉文字。当我已经把文字减少到这些时，那么我之前读的所有东西，我就不应该说，因为它们不在幻灯片上。我不再读我的幻灯片了，但我是在用之前例子中写在幻灯片上的话来说。
[段 33]
So what else can we do to simplify this? Well, we can get rid of the logos. We don’t need them. Simplification. What else can we do? Get rid of the title. Now I want to talk to you about some rules for slide preparation. I’m telling you the title. It doesn’t have to be up there. By reducing the number of words on the slide, I’m allowing you to pay more attention to me and less to what’s written on the slide. I mentioned it before. We have only one language processor, and we can either use it to read stuff or to listen to the speaker.
[译文 33]
那么我们还能做什么来简化这个？嗯，我们可以去掉标志。我们不需要它们。简化。还能做什么？去掉标题。现在我想和你们谈谈幻灯片制作的一些规则。我在告诉你们标题。它不需要在那里。通过减少幻灯片上的文字数量，我允许你们更多地关注我，更少地关注幻灯片上写的内容。我之前提过。我们只有一个语言处理器，我们可以用它来阅读东西或者听演讲者说话。
[段 34]
And so if we have too many words on the slide, it forces people in the audience to read this stuff and not listen. A student of mine did an experiment a few years ago. He taught some students some web-based programming ideas. Half the information was on slides. He said the other half. And then for a control group, he reversed it. And the question was, what did the subjects—that is, a freshman in his fraternity—what did the subjects remember best? What he said or what they read on the slide? And the answer is what they read on the slide. When their slides have a lot of material on it, they don’t pay attention to the speaker.
[译文 34]
所以如果幻灯片上的文字太多，它会迫使听众中的人阅读这些东西而不是听讲。我的一个学生几年前做了一个实验。他教一些学生一些基于网络的编程思想。一半的信息在幻灯片上。他说另一半。对于对照组，他反过来做。然后问题是，受试者——也就是他兄弟会的一个新生——受试者记得最好的是什么？他说的还是他们在幻灯片上读的？答案是他们在幻灯片上读的。当他们的幻灯片上有大量材料时，他们不会注意演讲者。
[段 35]
In fact, in the after-action report, one of the subjects said, I wish you hadn’t talked so much. It was distracting. Well, that last item is eliminate clutter. I hear some clutter. No reason even for those bullets. So the too many words problem is a consequence of a crime Microsoft has committed by allowing you to use fonts that are too small. So you should all have a sample slide like this that you can use to determine what the minimum font size is that’s easily legible. Shibu, what do you think of those? What’s that? Yeah. Minimum, maybe. Yeah, he says 40 or 50.
[译文 35]
事实上，在事后报告中，一个受试者说，我希望你不要讲那么多。那让人分心。嗯，最后一条是消除杂乱。我听到了一些杂乱。那些项目符号甚至没有必要。所以文字太多的问题是微软犯下的一个罪行，因为它允许你使用太小的字体。所以你们都应该有一个这样的示例幻灯片，你可以用它来确定最小字体大小是多少才容易辨认。Shibu，你觉得那些怎么样？那是什么？是的。最小，也许。是的，他说40或50。
[段 36]
I think that’s about right. 35 is if you get too small. Not necessarily because you can’t read it, but because you’re probably using it to get too many words on the slide. What other crimes do we have? Well, we have the laser pointer crime. And for that, I brought it along. You know, in the old days, when we didn’t have laser pointers, we used wooden ones, and people would go waving these things around, and pretty soon it became almost like a baton swirling contest. So here’s what I recommended in the old days for dealing with this kind of pointer.
[译文 36]
我认为这差不多是对的。35以下就太小了。不一定是因为你读不清，而是因为你可能是在用它来让幻灯片上塞太多文字。我们还有什么其他的罪行？嗯，我们有激光笔的罪行。为此我把它带来了。你知道，在过去，当我们没有激光笔时，我们用木制的，人们会挥动这些东西，很快就会变成指挥棒旋转比赛。所以这是我在过去推荐的关于处理这种指针的方法。
[段 37]
This is an example of the use of a prop. Jim Glass up there saw this talk about 20 years ago and said, Oh yeah, I remember that talk. That’s the one where you broke the pointer. It’s amazing how props tend to be the things that are remembered. Well, now we don’t have philodendron pointers anymore. We’ve got laser pointers. It’s a wonder more people aren’t driven into epileptic fits over this sort of stuff. But here’s what tends to happen. Look at that. That’s a lovely recursive picture, and I can become part of it by putting that laser beam right on the back of my head up there.
[译文 37]
这是一个使用道具的例子。Jim Glass在那里大约20年前看过这个演讲，他说，哦是的，我记得那个演讲。就是你弄断指针的那个演讲。道具往往是被记住的东西，这很神奇。嗯，现在我们不再有喜林芋指针了。我们有了激光指针。更神奇的是，更多的人没有因为这种东西而引发癫痫发作。但这里会发生什么。看看那个。那是一张可爱的递归图片，我可以通过把激光束正好放在我后脑勺上成为它的一部分。
[段 38]
And what do you see? You see the back of my head. I have no eye contact, no engagement, nothing. I was sitting with a student watching a talk one day, and she said, You know what, we could all leave and he wouldn’t know. So what happens when you use a laser pointer? You can’t use a laser pointer without turning your head and pointing it at something. And when you do that, you lose contact with the audience. You don’t want to do it. So what do you do if you need to identify something in your image and you don’t want to point at it with a laser?
[译文 38]
你会看到什么？你会看到我的后脑勺。我没有眼神接触，没有互动，什么都没有。有一次我和一个学生一起看演讲，她说，你知道吗，我们都可以离开，他不会知道的。那么当你使用激光笔时会发生什么？你使用激光笔时必须转头指向某样东西。而当你这样做时，你就失去了与听众的联系。你不想这样做。那么如果你需要指出图像中的某样东西，而你不想用激光指着它，该怎么办？
[段 39]
This is what you do. Put a little arrow on there and say, Now look at that guy at the end of arrow number one. You don’t need to have a laser pointer to do that. The too heavy crime. When people ask me to review a presentation, I ask them to print it out and lay it out on a table. When they do that, it’s easy to see whether the talk is too heavy, too much text, not enough air, not enough white space, not enough imagery. This is a good example of such a talk. Way too heavy. The presenter has taken advantage of small font sizes to get as much on the slide as he wanted.
[译文 39]
这是你要做的。在那里放一个小箭头，然后说，现在看箭头一号末端的那个人。你不需要激光笔来做那个。太重的罪行。当人们要求我审阅演示文稿时，我让他们打印出来铺在桌子上。当他们这样做时，很容易看出演讲是否太重，文字太多，空气不够，白空间不够，图像不够。这是一个很好的这样的演讲的例子。太重了。演讲者利用小字体在幻灯片上放了他想要的所有内容。
[段 40]
Lots of other crimes here, but the fact that it’s too heavy is what I wanted to illustrate. So here, by contrast, another talk, one I gave a few years ago. It wasn’t a deeply technical talk, but I show it to you because there’s air in it. It’s mostly pictures of things. There are three or four slides that have text on them, but when I come to those, I give the audience time to read them. And they’re there because they might have some historical significance. The first slide with a lot of text on it is an extraction from the 1957 proposal for the 1957 AI conference at Dartmouth.
[译文 40]
这里还有很多其他的罪行，但太重是我想说明的。所以相比之下，这里是另一个演讲，一个我几年前做的。这不是一个深入技术性的演讲，但我把它展示给你们是因为里面有空气。它大部分是事物的图片。有三四张幻灯片上有文字，但当我讲到那些时，我给听众时间阅读它们。它们在那里是因为它们可能有一些历史意义。第一张有很多文字的幻灯片是1957年达特茅斯1957年人工智能会议提案的摘录。
[段 41]
Extraordinary interesting event, and that historical extraction from the proposal helps drive that point home. What else have we got here? Oh yeah, your vocabulary word for the day. This is an hapax legomenon. What that means is this is the kind of slide you can get away with exactly once in your presentation. This is a slide that got some currency some years ago because it shows the complexity of governing in Afghanistan by showing how impossibly complex it is. It’s something you in the audience can’t understand, and that’s the point. But you can’t have many of these. You can have one per work, one per presentation, one per paper, one per book.
[译文 41]
这是一个非常有趣的事件，提案中的历史摘录有助于推动这一点。我们还有什么？哦，是的，你们今天的词汇单词。这是一个一次性术语。这意味着这是你在演讲中只能使用一次的幻灯片类型。这是一张几年前流行起来的幻灯片，因为它通过显示治理阿富汗的复杂性来说明它是如何不可思议地复杂。这是你们听众无法理解的东西，而这就是重点。但你不能有很多这样的幻灯片。每个作品、每个演讲、每篇论文、每本书只能用一次。
[段 42]
That’s what hapax legomenon is, and this is an example of it. Well, I’ve shown you some crimes, and so you might be asking, Do these crimes actually occur? So they do. There’s the hands in the pockets crime. There’s a crime in time and place selection here. This is how you get to the Bartos Theater. First thing you do is you get on these steps over at the Media Lab. Then you cross this large open space. Then you turn right down this corridor. At this point, whenever I go in there, I wonder if there are torture implements around the corner.
[译文 42]
这就是一次性术语的意思，这是它的一个例子。嗯，我已经给你们展示了一些罪行，所以你可能会问，这些罪行真的发生吗？所以它们确实发生了。有把手插在口袋里的罪行。在时间和地点选择上有罪行。这是去巴托斯剧院的路。首先你要在媒体实验室这边上这些台阶。然后穿过这个大开放空间。然后在这条走廊右转。每当我走进那里，我都想知道拐角处是否有刑具。
[段 43]
And then when you get in there, you get into this dark, gloomy place. So it’s well-named when they call it the Bartos Theater because it’s a place where you can watch a movie, but it’s not a place where you can give a talk. Now, on the subject of does it happen, here’s a talk I attended a while back in Stata. Notice that the speaker is far away from the slides. The speaker is using a laser pointer. And you say to me, well, what’s happening here? It’s, by the way, the 80th slide in the presentation. Notice that it’s dense with words, the first of ten conclusion slides.
[译文 43]
然后当你到达那里时，你进入这个黑暗、阴沉的地方。所以当他们称它为巴托斯剧院时，它是名副其实的，因为它是一个你可以看电影的地方，但不是你可以演讲的地方。现在，关于它是否发生的话题，这是我最近在斯塔塔参加的一次演讲。注意演讲者离幻灯片很远。演讲者正在使用激光笔。你对我说，好吧，这里发生了什么？顺便说一句，这是演示文稿的第80张幻灯片。注意它充满了文字，这是十个结论幻灯片中的第一个。
[段 44]
So what’s the audience reaction? That’s the sponsor of the meeting. He’s reading his email. This is the co-sponsor of the meeting. He’s examining the lunch menu. What about this person? This person looks like he’s paying attention, but just because it’s a still picture. If you were to see a video, what you would see is something like this. So yeah, it does happen. Well now, that’s a quick review of tools. Now I want to talk about some special cases. We could talk a little bit about informing, or to say another bit about informing, or to say it another way, doing what I’m doing now.
[译文 44]
那么听众的反应是什么？这是会议赞助商。他正在读他的邮件。这是会议的联合赞助商。他正在检查午餐菜单。那这个人呢？这个人看起来好像在专心，但只是因为它是一张静态图片。如果你能看到视频，你会看到的东西像这样。所以是的，它确实发生了。嗯，现在这是工具的快速回顾。现在我想谈论一些特殊情况。我们可以谈谈传递信息，或者换一种说法，谈谈传递信息的另一个方面，或者换句话说，做我现在正在做的事情。
[段 45]
But I’ll just say a few words about that. In that kind of presentation, you want to start with a promise, like I did for this hour that we’re going through now. But then it comes to the question of how do you inspire people? I’ve given this talk for a long time, and a few years ago, our department chairman said, Would you please give this talk to a new faculty, and be sure to emphasize what it takes to inspire students. And strangely, I hadn’t thought about that question before, so I started a survey. I talked to some of my incoming freshman advisees, and I talked to senior faculty and everything in between about how they’ve been inspired.
[译文 45]
但我只说几句话。在那种演示中，你想以一个承诺开始，就像我为这一小时做的那样，我们现在正在经历这个。但接下来是你如何激励人们的问题？我已经做了很长时间的演讲，几年前，我们系主任说，你能给新教职员工做这个演讲吗，一定要强调激励学生需要什么。奇怪的是，我之前没有想过这个问题，所以我开始了一项调查。我与一些新生顾问和新来的学生谈话，我和资深教职员工以及介于两者之间的所有人谈话，了解他们是如何被激励的。
[段 46]
What I found from the incoming freshmen is that they were inspired by some high school teacher who told them they could do it. What I found in the senior faculty, they were inspired by someone who helped them to see a problem in a new way. And what I saw from everyone is that they were inspired when someone exhibited passion about what they were doing. Exhibited passion about what they were doing. Yeah, so that’s one way to be inspiring. It’s easy for me because I do artificial intelligence. How can you not be interested in artificial intelligence? If you’re not interested in artificial intelligence, you’re probably not interested in interesting things.
[译文 46]
我从新生那里发现，他们被某位高中老师激励，那位老师告诉他们他们可以做到。我在资深教职员工那里发现，他们被帮助他们以新方式看待问题的人所激励。我从每个人那里看到的是，当有人对他们正在做的事情表现出热情时，他们就会被激励。对他们正在做的事情表现出热情。是的，这就是一种激励方式。这对我来说很容易，因为我是做人工智能的。你怎么可能对人工智能不感兴趣？如果你对人工智能不感兴趣，你可能对有趣的事情也不感兴趣。
[段 47]
When I’m lecturing in my AI class, it’s natural for me to talk about what I think is cool and how exciting some new idea is. So that’s the kind of expression of passion that makes a difference while informing with respect to this question of inspiring. Oh yeah, and of course during this promise phase you can also express how cool stuff is. Let me give you an example of a lecture that starts this way. I’m talking about resource allocation. It’s the same sort of ideas you would think of when you’re allocating aircraft to a flight schedule or trying to schedule a factory or something like that.
[译文 47]
当我在人工智能课上讲课时，我很自然地谈论我认为很酷的东西以及一些新想法有多令人兴奋。这就是那种在传递信息时关于激励问题的热情表达。哦，是的，当然在承诺阶段你也可以表达东西有多酷。让我给你一个这样开场的讲座例子。我在谈论资源分配。这和你在分配飞机到航班时刻表或试图安排工厂日程时想到的想法是一样的。
[段 48]
But the example is putting colors on estates in the United States without any bordering estates having the same color. So here goes. This is what I show in the beginning of the class. This is a way of doing that coloring. And you might say, Well, why don’t we wait until it finishes? Would you like to do that? No? Well, we’re not going to wait until it finishes because the sun will have exploded and consumed the earth before this program finishes. But with a slight adjustment to how the program works, which I tell my students, You will understand in the next 50 minutes, this is what you get.
[译文 48]
但例子是给美国的庄园着色，不让任何相邻的庄园有相同的颜色。所以开始吧。这是我在课开始时展示的。这是一种着色方式。你可能会说，嗯，我们为什么不等到它完成呢？你想那样做吗？不？嗯，我们不会等到它完成，因为太阳会爆炸并吞噬地球之前这个程序就会完成。但是对程序的工作方式稍作调整，我告诉我的学生，你们将在接下来的50分钟内理解这一点，这就是你们得到的。
[段 49]
Isn’t that cool? You know, you’ve got to be amazed by stuff that takes a computation from longer than the lifetime of the solar system into a few seconds. So that’s what I mean by providing a promise up front and expressing some passion about what you’re talking about. Well, the last item in this little block here has to do with what people think that they do at MIT. You ask faculty what the most important purpose is, and they’ll say, Well, the most important thing I do is teach people how to think. And then you say, Oh, that’s great. How do you teach people how to think?
[译文 49]
不是很酷吗？你知道，你必须对那些把计算从超过太阳系寿命变成几秒钟的事情感到惊奇。所以这就是我的意思，在前面提供一个承诺并对你谈论的内容表达一些热情。嗯，这个小节中的最后一项是关于人们认为他们在麻省理工做什么的问题。你问教职员工最重要的目的是什么，他们会说，呃，我做的最重要的事情是教人们如何思考。然后你说，哦，那太好了。你怎么教人们如何思考？
[段 50]
Blank stare. No one can quite respond to that part, that natural next question. So how do you teach people how to think? Well, I believe that we are storytelling animals, and that we start developing our story understanding and manipulating skills with fairy tales in childhood, and continue on through professional schools like law, business, medicine, engineering, everything. And we continue doing that throughout life. So if that is what thinking is all about, and when you want to teach people how to think, you provide them with the stories they need to know, the questions they need to ask about those stories, mechanisms for analyzing those stories, ways of putting stories together, ways of evaluating how reliable the story is, and that’s what I think you need to do when you teach people how to think.
[译文 50]
茫然的表情。没有人能完全回答那部分，那个自然的下一个问题。那么你怎么教人们如何思考？嗯，我相信我们是讲故事的动物，我们从童年时代通过童话开始发展我们的故事理解和操作能力，并继续通过法学院、商学院、医学院、工程学院等专业学院。一切都继续进行。我们在一生中不断这样做。所以如果这就是思考的全部，当你想教人们如何思考时，你为他们提供他们需要知道的故事，关于那些故事他们需要问的问题，分析那些故事的机制，组合故事的方法，评估故事可靠性的方法，这就是我认为在教人们如何思考时你需要做的。
[段 51]
But that’s all about education, and many of you here, not necessarily for that, but rather for this part, for persuading, which breaks down into several categories: oral exams, not shown, job talks, getting famous. I won’t say much about oral exams other than the fact that they used to be a lot scarier than they are today. In the old days, reading the literature in a foreign language was part of that, and there was a high failure rate. And when you look back on those failures, the most usual reason for people failing an oral exam is failure to situate and a failure to practice.
[译文 51]
但那都是关于教育的，你们中的许多人来这里不一定是为了那个，而是为了这个部分，为了说服，这可以分为几个类别：口试，没有展示，求职演讲，成名。关于口试我不会说太多，除了它们曾经比今天可怕得多。在过去，用外语阅读文献是其中的一部分，而且失败率很高。当你回顾那些失败时，人们口试失败最常见的原因是未能定位和未能练习。
[段 52]
By situate, I mean it’s important to talk about your research in context, right? It’s important to talk about your research in context. This is a problem that’s being pursued all over the world. There hasn’t been any progress before me in the past 30 years. Everyone is looking for a solution because it will have impact on so many other things. So that’s situating in time and place and feel. And then as far as practice is concerned, yes, practice is important, but that doesn’t mean showing your slides to the people you share an office with. The problem with that is that if people know what you’re doing, they will hallucinate that there’s material in your presentation that isn’t there.
[译文 52]
所谓定位，我的意思是把你的研究放在背景下谈论是很重要的，对吧？在背景下谈论你的研究是很重要的。这是一个全世界都在追求的问题。在我之前的30年里没有任何进展。每个人都在寻找解决方案，因为它将对许多其他事情产生影响。所以这就是在时间和地点以及感觉上的定位。至于练习，是的，练习很重要，但那并不意味着把你准备给那些和你共享办公室的人看幻灯片。问题是，如果人们知道你在做什么，他们会幻觉你的演示文稿中有不存在的材料。
[段 53]
A variation on this thing, by the way, is your faculty supervisor is not a very good person to help you debug a talk because they, in fact, know what you’re doing and they will, in fact, hallucinate there’s material in your presentation that isn’t there. So you need to get together some friends who don’t know what you’re doing and have them—well, you start the practice session by saying, If you can’t make me cry, I won’t value you as a friend anymore. And then when you get to the faculty on an oral exam, it will be easy. You see, difficulty, the amount of flak you’ll get from somebody is proportional to age.
[译文 53]
顺便说一句，这个事情的一个变体是你的系主任导师不是一个帮助你调试演讲的好人选，因为他们实际上知道你在做什么，他们实际上会幻觉你的演示文稿中有不存在的材料。所以你需要找一些不知道你在做什么的朋友聚在一起，让他们——嗯，你通过说这句话开始练习环节，如果你不能让我哭，我就不会再重视你这个朋友了。然后当你参加口试面对教职员工时，会很容易。你看，难度，某人给你的火力量与年龄成正比。
[段 54]
The older somebody is, the more they understand where they are in the world. But the young people are trying to show the old people how smart they are. So it’s lovely vicious. So whenever you have an opportunity to have an examining committee that’s full of people with gray hair, that’s what you want. Well, that’s just a word or two about something I haven’t listened here. Let’s get into the subject of job talks. So I was sitting in a bar many years ago in San Diego. I was a member of the Navy Science Board, and I was sitting with a couple of my colleagues on the board.
[译文 54]
某人越老，他们越了解自己在世界中的位置。但年轻人试图向老年人展示他们有多聪明。所以这是一个很好的恶性循环。所以每当你有机会让一个充满白发人的考试委员会，那就是你想要的。嗯，这是关于一些我在这里没有听说的事情的一两句话。让我们进入求职演讲的话题。很多年前我坐在圣地亚哥的一家酒吧里。我是海军科学委员会的成员，我和委员会的一些同事坐在一起。
[段 55]
Dolores Eder from the University of Colorado, she made me so jealous I could spit because she had written 21 books and I’d only written 17. And then the other one was Bill Weldon from the University of Texas. He was an electromagnetism guy and he knew how to use rail guns to drive steel rods through tank armor. These were interesting people. So I said, What do you look for in a faculty candidate? And within one microsecond, Dolores said, They have to show us they’ve got some kind of vision, quickly followed by Bill, who said, They have to show us that they’ve done something.
[译文 55]
科罗拉多大学的多洛雷斯·埃德，她让我嫉妒得想吐口水，因为她写了21本书而我只写了17本。另一个是德克萨斯大学的比尔·韦尔登。他是个电磁学专家，他知道如何用轨道炮驱动钢棒穿透坦克装甲。这些是有趣的人。所以我说，你在找教职候选人时看重什么？不到一微秒，多洛雷斯说，他们必须向我们展示他们有某种愿景，紧接着比尔说，他们必须向我们展示他们做了什么。
[段 56]
Oh, that sounds good, I said. And then I said to them, How long does a candidate have to establish these two things? What do you think? Well, compare your answer to theirs. Five minutes. So if you haven’t expressed your vision, if you haven’t told people that you’ve done something, in five minutes you’ve already lost. So you have to be able to do that. And let me just mention a couple of things in that connection. Here, the vision is in part a problem that somebody cares about and something new in your approach. So the problem is understanding the nature of human intelligence, and the approach is asking questions about what makes us different from chimpanzees and Neanderthals.
[译文 56]
哦，这听起来不错，我说。然后我对他们说，候选人有多长时间来建立这两件事？你认为呢？嗯，把你的答案与他们的比较。五分钟。所以如果你没有表达你的愿景，如果你没有告诉人们你做了什么，五分钟内你就输了。所以你必须能够做到这一点。让我提一下与此相关的几件事。这里，愿景部分是一个某人关心的一个问题以及你的方法中的某些新东西。所以问题是理解人类智能的本质，而方法是问关于什么使我们与黑猩猩和尼安德特人不同的问题。
[段 57]
Is it merely a matter of quantity, or are we just a little bit smarter in some continuous way, or do we have something that’s fundamentally different that chimpanzees don’t have and Neanderthals either? And the answer is yes, we do have something different. We are symbolic creatures, and because we’re symbolic creatures, we can build symbolic descriptions of relations and events. We can string them together and make stories. And because we can make stories, that’s what makes us different. So that’s my stump speech. That’s how I start most of my talks on my own personal research. How do you express the notion that you’ve done something?
[译文 57]
这仅仅是数量问题，还是我们在某些连续方式上只是聪明一点，还是我们有一些黑猩猩和尼安德特人都没有的根本上不同的东西？答案是是的，我们确实有不同。我们是符号生物，因为我们是符号生物，我们可以构建关于关系和事件的符号描述。我们可以把它们串在一起讲成故事。因为我们能讲故事，这就是使我们不同的原因。所以那是我的开场白。那是我大多数关于我自己个人研究的演讲的开始方式。你如何表达你已经做了什么这个概念？
[段 58]
By listing the steps that need to be taken in order to achieve the solution to that problem. You don’t have to have done all of those steps, but you can say, Here’s what needs to be done. An example. Here’s what needs to be done. We need to specify some behavior. We need to enumerate the constraints that make it possible to deal with that behavior. We have to implement a system because we’re engineers and we don’t think that we’ve understood something unless we can build it. And we’ve built such a system and we’re about to demonstrate it to you today.
[译文 58]
通过列出为实现该问题的解决方案需要采取的步骤。你不需要已经完成所有这些步骤，但你可以说，这里是需要做的事情。一个例子。这里是需要做的事情。我们需要指定一些行为。我们需要列举使处理该行为成为可能的约束。我们必须实现一个系统，因为我们是工程师，除非我们能构建它，否则我们不认为我们已经理解了某些东西。我们已经构建了这样一个系统，我们今天将向你们演示它。
[段 59]
That would be an example of enumerating a series of steps needed to realize the vision. So then, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah. And then you conclude by enumerating your contributions. It’s a kind of mirror of these steps and helps to establish that you’ve done something. So that’s a kind of general purpose framework for doing a technical talk. Now, only a few more things left to do today. Getting famous is the next item on our agenda because once you’ve got the job, you need to think a little bit about how you’re going to be recognized for what you do.
[译文 59]
那将是一个列举实现愿景所需步骤的例子。然后 blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah。然后你通过列举你的贡献来结束。这是一个这些步骤的镜像，有助于建立你已经做了什么。所以这是一个做技术演讲的一般目的框架。现在，今天只剩下几件事了。成名是我们日程上的下一个项目，因为一旦你得到了工作，你需要思考一下你将如何为你所做的事情获得认可。
[段 60]
So well, first of all, why should you care about getting famous? I thought about this in connection with a fundraising event I attended once. Fundraising event for raising money to save Venice from going underwater and having all of its art destroyed. Anyway, I was sitting here. And JC was sitting here. That was the late Julia Child. And as the evening wore on, more and more people would come up and ask Julia to autograph something or express a feeling that she had changed their life. And it just happened over and over again. So eventually I turned to Julia and I said, Ms.
[译文 60]
嗯，首先，你为什么要关心成名？我在一次募捐活动中想到了这个问题。为拯救威尼斯不被淹没并保护其所有艺术被摧毁而筹集资金的募捐活动。无论如何，我坐在这里。JC坐在这里。那是已故的朱莉娅·查尔德。随着夜幕降临，越来越多的人会走过来请朱莉娅签名或表达她改变了他们的生活。这种情况一次又一次地发生。所以最后我转向朱莉娅说，查尔德女士，
[段 61]
Child, is it fun to be famous? And she thought about it for a second, and she said, You get used to it. But you know what it occurred to me? You never get used to being ignored. So it’s, you know, it’s, here’s a way to think about it. Your ideas are like your children. And you don’t want them to go into the world in rags. So what you want to do is to be sure that you have these techniques, these mechanisms, these thoughts about how to present the ideas that you have so that they’re recognized for the value that is in them.
[译文 61]
成名有趣吗？她想了一会儿说，你会习惯的。但你知道我想到了什么吗？你永远不会习惯被忽视。所以这是，这是思考这个问题的一种方式。你的想法就像你的孩子。你不想让它们穿着破烂的衣服走进世界。所以你想做的是确保你拥有这些技巧、这些机制、这些关于如何展示你所拥有的想法的思考，这样它们才能因为其中的价值而被认可。
[段 62]
So that’s why it’s a legitimate thing to concern yourself with packaging. Now, how do you get remembered? Well, there’s something I like to call Winston Star, and every one of the items I’m about to articulate starts with an S. So if you want your presentation ideas to be remembered, one of the things you need to do is to make sure that you have some kind of symbol associated with your work. So this arch example is actually from my PhD thesis many, many years ago. And in the course of my work at that time, this work on arch learning became mildly famous and I didn’t know why.
[译文 62]
所以这是关注包装的一个正当理由。现在，你如何被记住？嗯，有一种我称之为温斯顿之星的东西，我即将阐述的每一个条目都以 S 开头。所以如果你想让你的演讲想法被记住，你需要做的事情之一是确保你的工作有某种符号相关联。所以这个拱门例子实际上来自我很多年前的博士论文。在我当时的工作中，这项关于拱门学习的工作变得小有名气，我不知道为什么。
[段 63]
It was only many years later that I realized that that work accidentally had all of the elements on this star. So the first element is that there was a kind of symbol. It’s the arch itself. So the next thing you need is some kind of slogan, a kind of phrase that provides a handle on the work. In this case, the phrase was one-shot learning. It was one-shot because the program I wrote learned something definite from every example that was presented to us. So in going from a model based on this configuration to something that isn’t an arch based on that configuration, the program learned that it has to be on top.
[译文 63]
直到很多年后我才意识到这项工作偶然地具有这个星上的所有元素。所以第一个元素是有一个符号。就是拱门本身。所以下一件事你需要某种口号，一种提供处理这项工作的把手的短语。在这种情况下，短语是一次性学习。这是一次性学习，因为我的程序从我呈现的每个例子中学到了明确的东西。所以从基于这个配置到基于那个配置不是拱门，程序了解到它必须在顶部。
[段 64]
One-shot learning. So that’s a simple slogan. Now we need a surprise. Yeah, the surprise is you don’t need a million examples of something to learn. You can do it with one example if you’re smart enough to make use of that example appropriately. So that was the surprise: you can learn something definite from each example. Next item was the salient idea. Now when I say salient idea, I don’t mean important. What I mean is an idea that sticks out. Some theses, funny enough, have too many good ideas, and you don’t know what it’s all about because which one is it?
[译文 64]
一次性学习。这是一个简单的口号。现在我们需要惊喜。是的，惊喜是你不需要一百万个例子来学习。如果你能足够聪明地适当利用那个例子，你用一个例子就可以做到。所以惊喜是：你可以用每个例子学到明确的东西。下一项是显著的想法。现在当我说显著的想法时，我不是说重要。我的意思是一个突出的想法。有些论文好笑的是有太多好想法，你不知道它是关于什么的，因为哪一个是它？
[段 65]
So you need an idea that sticks out. And the idea that stuck out here was the notion of a near miss. You see, this is not an arch, but it doesn’t miss by much, so it’s a near miss. Finally, you need to tell the story of how you did it, how it works, why it’s important. So that’s a bit on how to not so much get famous but how to ensure that your work is recognized. We’re almost finished because now we’re down to this last item, which is how to stop. And when we come to that, there’s a question of all right, well, what is the final slide?
[译文 65]
所以你需要一个突出的想法。这里突出的想法是近似错过的概念。你看，这不是拱门，但它没有错过太多，所以它是近似错过。最后，你需要讲述你如何做到这一点的故事，它是如何工作的，为什么它重要。所以这是关于如何成名不多，但如何确保你的工作被认可的一点。我们几乎完成了，因为现在我们到了最后一项，即如何结束。当我们谈到那个时，有一个问题，好吧，最后一张幻灯片是什么？
[段 66]
And what are the final words? So for the final slide, let me give you some examples of possibilities. How about this one? Well, you might see that slide and think to yourself, There are a thousand faculty at MIT. Nice piece of work, but it’s only a tiny piece of work if you divide by a thousand. So when you show a whole gigantic list of collaborators at the end of a talk, it’s kind of a letdown because it suggests that nobody knows—well, did you do anything significant? You’ve got to recognize your collaborators, right? So where do you do that? Not on the last slide.
[译文 66]
最后的话语是什么？所以对于最后一张幻灯片，让我给你们一些可能性的例子。这个怎么样？你可能会看到那张幻灯片并对自己说，麻省理工有一千名教职员工。不错的工作，但如果你除以一千，那只是一小块工作。所以当你在演讲结束时展示一整张巨大的合作者名单时，这是一种让人失望，因为那暗示没有人知道——好吧，你做了什么重要的事情吗？你必须承认你的合作者，对吧？所以你在哪里做？不是在那最后一张幻灯片上。
[段 67]
On the first slide. All this was on the first slide. These are the collaborators. So you don’t want to put them at the end. You don’t want a slide like this. How about this one? This is the worst possible way to end a talk. Because this slide can be up there for 20 minutes. I’ve seen it happen. It squanders real estate. It squanders an opportunity to tell people who you are. It’s just—what about this one? I often see it. I’ve never seen anybody write it down. Also, it wastes opportunity. Oh my God. Even worse, all these lines do nothing for you.
[译文 67]
在第一张幻灯片上。所有这些都在第一张幻灯片上。这些是合作者。所以你不想把它们放在最后。你不想要这样的幻灯片。这个怎么样？这是结束演讲的最糟糕方式。因为这张幻灯片可以在那里放20分钟。我见过它发生。它浪费了真正的空间。它浪费了告诉人们你是谁的机会。它就是——这个怎么样？我经常看到它。我从未见过任何人把它写下来。同样，它浪费了机会。我的天。甚至更糟，所有这些线条对你没有任何帮助。
[段 68]
They waste an opportunity for you to tell people, to leave people with who you are. Well, what about this? Is this a good one? It might seem so at first, but here’s the problem. If you say These are my conclusions, these are perfectly legitimate conclusions that nobody cares about. What they care about is what you have done. And that’s why your final slide should have this label: Contributions. It’s a mirror of what I said over there about how job talks ought to be like a sandwich. And the final slide, the one that’s up there while people are asking questions and filing out, it ought to be the one that has your contributions on it.
[译文 68]
它们浪费了告诉你的人、留下你是什么样的人的机会。这个怎么样？这是个好主意吗？乍一看可能是，但这是问题所在。如果你说你有这些结论，这些是没有人关心的完全合理的结论。他们关心的是你做了什么。这就是为什么你的最后一张幻灯片应该有这个标签：贡献。它是我之前说的求职演讲应该像三明治一样的东西的镜像。而最后一张幻灯片，那张在人们提问和离开时挂在那里的，应该是那张有你的贡献的幻灯片。
[段 69]
Here’s an example from my own stump speech. Yeah, this is what I talk about a lot. Yes, here are the things that I typically demonstrate. And I wait for people to read it, and then the final element there is this is what we get out of it. So that’s an example of a contribution slide. All right, now what about the other part? You know, you got your final slide up there, it’s a contribution slide, somehow you have to tell people you’re finished. So let’s check out a few possibilities. One thing you could do in the final words is you could tell a joke.
[译文 69]
这是我自己的开场白的一个例子。是的，这是我经常谈论的事情。是的，这些是我通常展示的东西。我等人们读完，然后最后的元素是这个，这就是我们从中得到的。所以那是贡献幻灯片的一个例子。好的，现在关于另一个部分呢？你知道，你把你的最后一张幻灯片放在那里，是一张贡献幻灯片，不知怎的你需要告诉人们你完成了。所以让我们看看一些可能性。你可以在最后的话语中做的一件事是讲一个笑话。
[段 70]
It’s okay. By the time you’re done, people have adjusted themselves to your voice parameters. They’re ready for a joke. I was sitting in another bar this time in Austin, Texas, with a colleague of mine named Doug Lenat. And Doug’s a fantastic speaker. And so I said to Doug, Doug, you’re a fantastic speaker. What’s your secret? And he said, Oh, I always finish with a joke. And that way people think they’ve had fun the whole time. So yeah, a joke will work down there. How about this one? Thank you. I don’t recommend it. It’s a weak move. You will not go to hell if you conclude your talk by saying thank you, but it’s a weak move, and here’s why.
[译文 70]
没关系。当你完成时，人们已经适应了你的声音参数。他们准备好听笑话了。我坐在另一个酒吧里，这次是在德克萨斯州奥斯汀，和我的一位名叫道格·勒纳特的同事在一起。道格是一个出色的演讲者。所以我对道格说，道格，你是一个出色的演讲者。你的秘密是什么？他说，哦，我总是以笑话结尾。这样人们就会认为他们整个时间都玩得很开心。所以是的，笑话在那里可以工作。这个怎么样？谢谢你不推荐。这是一个软弱的做法。如果你以说谢谢来结束你的演讲，你不会下地狱，但这是一个软弱的做法，原因如下。
[段 71]
When you say thank you, even worse, Thank you for listening, it suggests that everybody has stayed that long out of politeness and that they had a profound desire to be somewhere else, but they’re so polite they stuck it out, and that’s what you’re thanking them for. So once wild applause has started, you can mouth a thank you. There’s nothing wrong with that. But the last thing you do should not be saying thank you. Now you say to me, Well, doesn’t everybody say thank you? Well, what everybody does is not necessarily the right thing. And I’d like to illustrate how some talks can end without saying thank you.
[译文 71]
当你说谢谢，甚至更糟，谢谢你听我说，这暗示每个人留下来这么久是出于礼貌，他们非常想去别的地方，但他们太礼貌了所以坚持了下来，这就是你感谢他们的。所以一旦热烈的掌声开始，你可以说一个谢谢。这没有什么问题。但你不应该做的最后一件事是说谢谢。现在你对我说，呃，不是每个人都这么说吗？嗯，每个人所做的并不一定是正确的事情。我想说明一些演讲如何可以不说谢谢就结束。
[段 72]
I like to draw from political speeches, but the ones that I’ve heard recently aren’t so good. So I’m going to have to go back a little bit. So here’s Governor Christie. He gave the Republican keynote address one year. This is the end of his talk. Let’s see what he does. And together, everybody, together, we will stand up once again for American greatness for our children and grandchildren. God bless you and God bless America. That’s a classic benediction ending. God bless you, God bless America. Now I don’t want to be partisan about this, so I think I better switch to the keynote address at the Democratic convention I was delivered that year by Bill Clinton, who knows something about how to speak.
[译文 72]
我喜欢从政治演讲中吸取例子，但我最近听到的那些不太好。所以我需要稍微回顾一下。所以这是克里斯蒂州长。他有一年做了共和党主题演讲。这是他演讲的结尾。让我们看看他做什么。大家一起，各位，我们一起，我们将再次为美国为我们子孙后代的伟大而站起来。愿上帝保佑你们，愿上帝保佑美国。这是一个经典的祝福结尾。愿上帝保佑你们，愿上帝保佑美国。现在我不想对此有党派偏见，所以我认为我最好切换到那年民主党大会的主题演讲，由比尔·克林顿发表，他懂得如何演讲。
[段 73]
And if that is what you want, if that is what you believe, you must vote, and you must re-elect President Barack Obama. God bless you and God bless America. Now watch this. Let’s go back a little bit and redo it. What I want you to see is that at one point he seems to be almost pressing his lips together, forcing himself not to say thank you. Then there’s another place where he does a little salute. So watch for those this time around. And if that is what you want, if that is what you believe, you must vote and you must re-elect President Barack Obama.
[译文 73]
如果你想要那个，如果你相信那个，你必须投票，你必须让巴拉克·奥巴马总统连任。愿上帝保佑你们，愿上帝保佑美国。现在看这个。让我们稍微回顾一下重新做。我想让你们看到的是，在某个时刻他似乎几乎在抿着嘴唇，强迫自己不要说谢谢。然后还有另一个地方他做了一个小小的敬礼。所以这次注意看那些。如果你想要那个，如果你相信那个，你必须投票，你必须让巴拉克·奥巴马总统连任。
[段 74]
God bless you and God bless America. Everybody’s pursing his lips. There’s a salute. Yeah, I think that’s pretty good. Now, what are we going to take away from this? Well, I suppose I could conclude this talk by saying God bless you and God bless the Institute of Technology. But it might not work so well. But what you can get out of this is you don’t have to say thank you. There are other things you can do. And, you know, it’s interesting that over time people figure this out. And there’s some stock ways of ending things. So in the Catholic Church, in the good old Latin Mass, it ended with Ite, missa est, which translates approximately to, okay, the Mass is over, you can go home now.
[译文 74]
愿上帝保佑你们，愿上帝保佑美国。每个人都在抿着嘴唇。有一个敬礼。是的，我认为这很好。那么我们将从中得到什么？嗯，我想我可以通过说愿上帝保佑你们，愿上帝保佑技术学院来结束这个演讲。但这可能不太好。但你能从中得到的是你不必说谢谢。还有其他你可以做的事情。你知道，有趣的是，随着时间的推移人们会想出这一点。所以有一些结束事情的固定方式。在天主教会，在美好的旧拉丁弥撒中，它以Ite, missa est结束，这大约翻译为，好吧，弥撒结束了，你现在可以回家了。
[段 75]
And of course, at musical concerts, you know that it’s time to clap, not at the end of the song, but rather when the conductor goes over and shakes hands with the concertmaster. Those are conventions that tell you that the event is over. So those are all possibilities for here. But one more possibility, and that is that you can salute the audience. And by that I mean you can say something about how much you value your time at a place. So I could say, Well, it’s been a great fun being here. It’s been fascinating to see what you folks are doing here at MIT.
[译文 75]
当然，在音乐会上，你知道该鼓掌了，不是在歌曲结束时，而是在指挥走过去与首席小提琴手握手时。这些是告诉你活动结束的惯例。所以这些都是这里的可能性。但还有一个可能性，那就是你可以向听众致意。我的意思是，你可以说一些关于你多么珍惜在一个地方的时间的话。所以我可以说，呃，在这里真是太有趣了。看到你们麻省理工的人在做什么真是太迷人了。
[段 76]
I’ve been much stimulated and provoked by the kinds of questions you’ve been asked. It’s been really great, and I look forward to coming back on many occasions in the future. So that’s salutes to the audience. You can do that. Well, there it is. You know what? I’m glad you’re here. And the reason is by being here, I think you have demonstrated an understanding that how you present and how you package your ideas is an important thing. And I salute you for that. And I suggest that you come back again and bring your friends.
[译文 76]
你的问题让我受到了很多刺激和启发。这真的很棒，我期待着将来多次回来。这就是向听众致意。你可以这样做。好了，就是这样。你知道吗？我很高兴你们在这里。原因是通过在这里，我认为是你们展示了一种理解，即你如何呈现和如何包装你的想法是一件重要的事情。我为此向你们致敬。我建议你们再来一次，带着你们的朋友。